Pain Research Group
The Pain Research Group at the University of Liverpool investigates the central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms underlying pain perception, modulation, and chronic pain persistence.
We combine neuroscience, psychology, and computational modelling to improve understanding of how pain emerges, why it becomes persistent in some individuals, and how treatments can be optimised to enhance patient outcomes. Our work aims to bridge the gap between fundamental neuroscience and clinical application, ultimately developing more effective, personalised pain management strategies.
Research Aims
Our research focuses on several key challenges in pain neuroscience:
Understanding the brain’s role in pain perception and resilience
We examine how brain structure and function influence pain processing, identifying mechanisms that regulate pain sensitivity and adaptation. By studying neural oscillations, sensory processing, and descending pain modulation, we seek to uncover why some individuals are more resilient to pain while others develop chronic pain conditions.
How interactions between the brain, brainstem and spinal cord influence pain perception
We have developed methodology and analysis techniques that can simultaneously capture signal across the entire CNS when using fMRI. By using this approach, we can address questions relating to descending pain control, how different neurotransmitter systems alter activity at multiple levels, and ultimately the amount of pain we perceive.
Developing predictive biomarkers for pain and treatment response
We aim to identify brain-based biomarkers that can predict pain trajectories and treatment efficacy. Using neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and computational modelling, we investigate whether individual differences in brain activity can guide treatment selection for spinal cord stimulation, cognitive-behavioural interventions, and other pain management approaches.
Exploring psychological and cognitive influences on pain
Pain is shaped not only by sensory input but also by cognitive and emotional factors. We investigate the role of maladaptive beliefs, pain catastrophising, and attentional processes in pain perception and persistence, helping to develop interventions that target these psychological contributors.
Innovating new treatments and personalised approaches
By integrating brain stimulation techniques, neurofeedback, and machine learning, we explore new ways to modulate pain perception, prevent chronic pain onset, and optimise Pain Management Programmes. Our research contributes to the development of personalised treatment strategies, ensuring interventions are tailored to individual patient needs.
Research Approaches
Our group employs a multidisciplinary and translational approach, drawing on expertise in:
Neuroimaging and electrophysiology
We use functional and structural MRI, electroencephalography (EEG), and connectivity analyses to map pain-related networks and understand how they adapt in chronic pain conditions.
Mathematical and computational modelling
We develop statistical and machine learning models to analyse large neuroimaging datasets, aiming to predict pain-related brain states and treatment responses. Our work in Bayesian modelling and predictive coding helps us explore how the brain processes pain-related expectations and prediction errors.
Experimental pain models
Our research employs controlled experimental pain paradigms, including thermal, electrical, and laser-evoked pain, to study how pain is processed in the brain under different conditions. This allows us to test hypotheses about pain perception, modulation, and learning.
Clinical and translational research
We collaborate with clinicians, pain specialists, and industry partners to translate our findings into real-world applications. Our work spans from laboratory-based neuroscience studies to clinical trials exploring brain stimulation techniques, novel interventions, and pain management strategies.
Affiliations
Our research is based within the University of Liverpool’s Institute of Population Health and our members are affiliated with the Pain Research Institute. We partner with NHS collaborators at The Walton Centre and Aintree University Hospital.
Facilities
EEG
Our EEG laboratories include 64-channel and 128-channel systems aiming at quantification of spatio-temporal activation patterns in the human cortex occurring during cognitive, emotional and perceptual processing.
Brain Imaging
We use state-of-the-art neuroimaging facilities at Liverpool Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre (LiMRIC) in order to measure the structure, function and connectivity of the brain, brainstem and spinal cord.
Quantitative Sensory Testing
We have access to two QST-Labs thermal cutaneous stimulators (TCS), calibrated punctate probes, an algometer, von Frey hairs, dynamic mechanical stimulators. The TCS devices have MRI-compatible thermodes that enable recording fMRI responses to stimulation in the scanner.
Laser and electrical stimulation
A Nd-YAP laser stimulator is available for selective excitation of nociceptors e.g. for use in EEG studies. A Digitimer electrical stimulator can be used for behavioural studies (e.g. pain learning/conditioning), but also in EEG and fMRI studies.
Vibrotactile stimulation
A piezoelectric tactile stimulator is available to explore non-nociceptive CNS responses. When coupled with e.g. laser, thermal, electrical stimulation this can be used to examine the interaction of non-nociceptive and nociceptive stimuli e.g. gate-control-like interactions.