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Suzanne Gage

Dr Suzanne Gage

Senior Lecturer in Psychology - Epidemiology, Health Behaviours and Genetic Factors
Psychology

Research outputs

Selected research outputs

  1. Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours over 10 years: a population cohort comparison study (Journal article - 2019)
  2. Causal Inference in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Research. (Journal article - 2016)
  3. Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study (Journal article - 2017)
  4. Rat Park: How a rat paradise changed the narrative of addiction (Journal article - 2019)
  5. Is screen time associated with anxiety or depression in young people? Results from a UK birth cohort (Journal article - 2019)
  6. Cannabis and psychosis: triangulating the evidence (Journal article - 2019)
  7. Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health related behaviours over ten years: a population cohort comparison study (Journal article - 2018)
  8. Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. (Journal article - 2014)
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2026

2025

2024

Socioeconomic status, alcohol use and the role of social support and neighbourhood environment among individuals meeting criteria for a mental health problem: a cross-sectional study.

Puddephatt, J. -A., Jones, A., Gage, S. H., & Goodwin, L. (2024). Socioeconomic status, alcohol use and the role of social support and neighbourhood environment among individuals meeting criteria for a mental health problem: a cross-sectional study.. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 59(12), 2177-2188. doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02670-w

DOI
10.1007/s00127-024-02670-w
Journal article

How does the prevalence of alcohol use and associations with psychological distress differ across ethnic groups in England: A cross-sectional analysis of eight national surveys

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251689/v1
Preprint

Prevalence and associations of psychological distress and alcohol use across ethnic groups using eight cross-sectional surveys in England

DOI
10.31219/osf.io/58gur
Preprint

2023

A Collaborative Effort to Establish Common Metrics for Use in Mental Health.

Farber, G. K., Gage, S., & Kemmer, D. (2023). A Collaborative Effort to Establish Common Metrics for Use in Mental Health.. JAMA psychiatry, 80(10), 981-982. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2282

DOI
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2282
Journal article

A comparison of probable post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol consumption among active female members of the UK Police Service and UK Armed Forces.

Irizar, P., Stevelink, S. A. M., Pernet, D., Gage, S. H., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., . . . Fear, N. T. (2023). A comparison of probable post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol consumption among active female members of the UK Police Service and UK Armed Forces.. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 58(2), 205-215. doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02356-1

DOI
10.1007/s00127-022-02356-1
Journal article

2022

The iCannTookit: a consensus-based, flexible framework for measuring contemporary cannabis use

Lorenzetti, V., Hindocha, C., Petrilli, K., Griffiths, P., Brown, J., Castillo-Carniglia, A., . . . Freeman, T. P. (2022). The iCannTookit: a consensus-based, flexible framework for measuring contemporary cannabis use. ADDICTION, 117(9), 2558-2560. doi:10.1111/add.15956

DOI
10.1111/add.15956
Journal article

Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs

Gage, S. H., Sallis, H. M., Lassi, G., Wootton, R. E., Mokrysz, C., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2022). Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs. PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, 52(8), 1578-1586. doi:10.1017/S0033291720003402

DOI
10.1017/S0033291720003402
Journal article

Living with Drug Use and Addiction during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gage, S. H., Brewer, G., Steen, M., & Lyons, M. (2022). Living with Drug Use and Addiction during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE, 57(10), 1504-1510. doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2086695

DOI
10.1080/10826084.2022.2086695
Journal article

2021

Less than human: dehumanisation of people who use heroin

Sumnall, H., Atkinson, A., Gage, S., Hamilton, I., & Montgomery, C. (2021). Less than human: dehumanisation of people who use heroin. Health Education, 121(6), 649-669. doi:10.1108/he-07-2021-0099

DOI
10.1108/he-07-2021-0099
Journal article

Longitudinal associations with alcohol consumption during the first COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with mood, drinking motives, context of drinking, and mental health

Irizar, P., Jones, A., Christiansen, P., Goodwin, L., Gage, S. H., Roberts, C., . . . Rose, A. K. (2021). Longitudinal associations with alcohol consumption during the first COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with mood, drinking motives, context of drinking, and mental health. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, 226. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108913

DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108913
Journal article

The prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol use across trauma-exposed occupations: A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Irizar, P., Puddephatt, J. -A., Gage, S. H., Fallon, V., & Goodwin, L. (2021). The prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol use across trauma-exposed occupations: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, 226. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108858

DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108858
Journal article

Corrigendum to "The effects of menstrual cycle stage and hormonal contraception on alcohol consumption and craving: A pilot investigation" [Compr. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 5C (2021) 100022].

Warren, J. G., Goodwin, L., Gage, S. H., & Rose, A. K. (2021). Corrigendum to "The effects of menstrual cycle stage and hormonal contraception on alcohol consumption and craving: A pilot investigation" [Compr. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 5C (2021) 100022].. Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology, 7, 100075. doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100075

DOI
10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100075
Journal article

Assessing and addressing collider bias in addiction research: the curious case of smoking and COVID-19

Tattan-Birch, H., Marsden, J., West, R., & Gage, S. H. (2021). Assessing and addressing collider bias in addiction research: the curious case of smoking and COVID-19. ADDICTION, 116(5), 982-984. doi:10.1111/add.15348

DOI
10.1111/add.15348
Journal article

Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces: a comparative study

Irizar, P., Stevelink, S. A. M., Pernet, D., Gage, S. H., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., . . . Fear, N. T. (2021). Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces: a comparative study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTRAUMATOLOGY, 12(1). doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1891734

DOI
10.1080/20008198.2021.1891734
Journal article

Representation of adverse childhood experiences is associated with lower public stigma towards people who use drugs: an exploratory experimental study

Sumnall, H. R., Hamilton, I., Atkinson, A. M., Montgomery, C., & Gage, S. H. (2021). Representation of adverse childhood experiences is associated with lower public stigma towards people who use drugs: an exploratory experimental study. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY, 28(3), 227-239. doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1820450

DOI
10.1080/09687637.2020.1820450
Journal article

2020

How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine

Roberts, C. A., Jones, A., Sumnall, H., Gage, S. H., & Montgomery, C. (2020). How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine. EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 38, 40-62. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002

DOI
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002
Journal article

Perceived harm, motivations for use, and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use

Roberts, C., Osborne Miller, I., Cole, J., Gage, S., & Christiansen, P. (2020). Perceived harm, motivations for use, and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(9), 999-1007. doi:10.1177/0269881120936508

DOI
10.1177/0269881120936508
Journal article

Investigating the added value of biomarkers compared with self-reported smoking in predicting future e-cigarette use: Evidence from a longitudinal UK cohort study

Khouja, J. N., Munafo, M. R., Relton, C. L., Taylor, A. E., Gage, S. H., & Richmond, R. C. (2020). Investigating the added value of biomarkers compared with self-reported smoking in predicting future e-cigarette use: Evidence from a longitudinal UK cohort study. PLOS ONE, 15(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235629

DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0235629
Journal article

Associations between adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours in 2005 and 2015: A population cross-cohort study

DOI
10.1101/2020.03.06.20032235
Preprint

2019

Does Smoking Cause Lower Educational Attainment and General Cognitive Ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs

DOI
10.1101/19009365
Preprint

Investigating the added value of biomarkers compared with self-reported smoking in predicting future e-cigarette use: Evidence from a longitudinal UK cohort study

DOI
10.1101/19006247
Preprint

2018

COMBINED PATTERNS OF TOBACCO AND CANNABIS USE IN ADOLESCENCE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS

Zammit, S., Jones, H., Gage, S., Heron, J., Hickman, M., Lewis, G., & Munafo, M. (2018). COMBINED PATTERNS OF TOBACCO AND CANNABIS USE IN ADOLESCENCE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS. In SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN Vol. 44 (pp. S270). doi:10.1093/schbul/sby017.660

DOI
10.1093/schbul/sby017.660
Conference Paper

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENETIC RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PATTERNS OF CIGARETTE AND CANNABIS USE IN ADOLESCENCE

Zammit, S., Jones, H., Gage, S., Heron, J., Smith, G. D., Lewis, G., . . . Munafo, M. (2018). THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENETIC RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PATTERNS OF CIGARETTE AND CANNABIS USE IN ADOLESCENCE. In SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN Vol. 44 (pp. S165). doi:10.1093/schbul/sby016.404

DOI
10.1093/schbul/sby016.404
Conference Paper

2017

Genetic Overlap Between Schizophrenia and Developmental Psychopathology: Longitudinal and Multivariate Polygenic Risk Prediction of Common Psychiatric Traits During Development

Nivard, M. G., Gage, S. H., Hottenga, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Bartels, M., . . . Middeldorp, C. M. (2017). Genetic Overlap Between Schizophrenia and Developmental Psychopathology: Longitudinal and Multivariate Polygenic Risk Prediction of Common Psychiatric Traits During Development. Schizophrenia bulletin, 43(6), 1197-1207. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx031

DOI
10.1093/schbul/sbx031
Journal article

Investigating causality in associations between education and smoking: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

DOI
10.1101/184218
Preprint

Is increased screen time associated with the development of anxiety or depression in young people?

Khouja, J., Munafò, M., Tilling, K., Wiles, N., Joinson, C., Etchells, P., . . . Cornish, R. (2017). Is increased screen time associated with the development of anxiety or depression in young people?. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S530-S531. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.719

DOI
10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.719
Journal article

2016

Genetic overlap between schizophrenia and developmental psychopathology: a longitudinal approach applied to common childhood disorders between age 7 and 15 years

DOI
10.1101/052829
Preprint

P.3.013 Using publicly available data to investigate causal associations between substance use and mental health

Gage, S., Jones, H., Taylor, A., Zammit, S., & Munafo, M. (2016). P.3.013 Using publicly available data to investigate causal associations between substance use and mental health. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, S57-S58. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(16)70063-0

DOI
10.1016/s0924-977x(16)70063-0
Journal article

Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study

Mokrysz, C., Landy, R., Gage, S. H., Munafò, M. R., Roiser, J. P., & Curran, H. V. (2016). Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(2), 159-168. doi:10.1177/0269881115622241

DOI
10.1177/0269881115622241
Journal article

Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence.

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., & Zammit, S. (2016). Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence.. Biological psychiatry, 79(7), 549-556. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.001

DOI
10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.001
Journal article

Causal Inference in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Research.

Gage, S. H., Munafò, M. R., & Davey Smith, G. (2016). Causal Inference in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Research.. Annual review of psychology, 67(1), 567-585. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033352

DOI
10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033352
Journal article

Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Children and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and Depression Using Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Etchells, P. J., Gage, S. H., Rutherford, A. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2016). Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Children and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and Depression Using Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.. PloS one, 11(1), e0147732. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147732

DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0147732
Journal article

2015

Associations of Cannabis and Tobacco Use with Depression at Age 18: Findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., MacLeod, J., & Zammit, S. (2015). Associations of Cannabis and Tobacco Use with Depression at Age 18: Findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(suppl_1), i282-i283. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv096.552

DOI
10.1093/ije/dyv096.552
Journal article

Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Adolescents and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and Depression.

Etchells, P. J., Gage, S. H., Rutherford, A. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Adolescents and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and Depression.. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(suppl_1), i236-i237. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv096.422

DOI
10.1093/ije/dyv096.422
Journal article

OP24 Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafo, M. R., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., & Zammit, S. (2015). OP24 Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children. In Oral Presentations (pp. A19.2-A19). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206256.24

DOI
10.1136/jech-2015-206256.24
Conference Paper

OP54 Assessing the possible role of intrauterine effects in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring depression in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children using partner smoking as a negative control

Taylor, A. E., Gage, S. H., & Munafo, M. R. (2015). OP54 Assessing the possible role of intrauterine effects in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring depression in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children using partner smoking as a negative control. In Oral Presentations (pp. A32.2-A33). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206256.53

DOI
10.1136/jech-2015-206256.53
Conference Paper

Smoking as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia.

Gage, S. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Smoking as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia.. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(9), 778-779. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00333-8

DOI
10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00333-8
Journal article

Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., & Zammit, S. (2015). Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.. PLoS One, 10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122896

DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0122896
Journal article

Using molecular genetic information to infer causality in observational data: Mendelian randomisation

Taylor, A. E., Ware, J. J., Gage, S. H., Smith, G. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Using molecular genetic information to infer causality in observational data: Mendelian randomisation. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 39-45. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.002

DOI
10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.002
Journal article

Rethinking the association between smoking and schizophrenia.

Gage, S. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Rethinking the association between smoking and schizophrenia.. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(2), 118-119. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00057-1

DOI
10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00057-1
Journal article

Cannabis and psychosis.

Gage, S. H., Munafò, M. R., MacLeod, J., Hickman, M., & Smith, G. D. (2015). Cannabis and psychosis.. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(5), 380. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00108-x

DOI
10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00108-x
Journal article

2014

Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., & Zammit, S. (2014). Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.. Psychological Medicine, 44(16), 3435-3444. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000531

DOI
10.1017/S0033291714000531
Journal article

Kate Bush: left to my imagination.

Gage, S. (2014). Kate Bush: left to my imagination.. The lancet. Psychiatry, 1(6), 426. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70278-0

DOI
10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70278-0
Journal article

P.6.d.016 Neuropsychological and educational outcomes related to adolescent cannabis use, a prospective cohort study

Mokrysz, C., Gage, S., Landy, R., Munafò, M. R., Roiser, J. P., & Curran, H. V. (2014). P.6.d.016 Neuropsychological and educational outcomes related to adolescent cannabis use, a prospective cohort study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, S695-S696. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(14)71121-6

DOI
10.1016/s0924-977x(14)71121-6
Journal article

TOBACCO USE AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN UK TEENAGERS – EVIDENCE FROM THE ALSPAC LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafo, M., Lewis, G., & Zammit, S. (2014). TOBACCO USE AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN UK TEENAGERS – EVIDENCE FROM THE ALSPAC LONGITUDINAL STUDY. Schizophrenia Research, 153, S7-S8. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70023-4

DOI
10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70023-4
Journal article

2013

Improving the reliability and reporting of genetic association studies.

Munafò, M. R., & Gage, S. H. (2013). Improving the reliability and reporting of genetic association studies.. Drug and alcohol dependence, 132(3), 411-413. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.023

DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.023
Journal article

Associations of Maternal Weight Gain in Pregnancy With Offspring Cognition in Childhood and Adolescence

Gage, S. H., Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Fraser, A. (2013). Associations of Maternal Weight Gain in Pregnancy With Offspring Cognition in Childhood and Adolescence. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 68(7), 497-499. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000432200.47249.2c

DOI
10.1097/01.ogx.0000432200.47249.2c
Journal article

Associations of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring cognition in childhood and adolescence: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Gage, S. H., Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Fraser, A. (2013). Associations of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring cognition in childhood and adolescence: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.. American journal of epidemiology, 177(5), 402-410. doi:10.1093/aje/kws239

DOI
10.1093/aje/kws239
Journal article

Increasing recognition of happiness in ambiguous facial expressions reduces anger and aggressive behavior.

Penton-Voak, I. S., Thomas, J., Gage, S. H., McMurran, M., McDonald, S., & Munafò, M. R. (2013). Increasing recognition of happiness in ambiguous facial expressions reduces anger and aggressive behavior.. Psychological science, 24(5), 688-697. doi:10.1177/0956797612459657

DOI
10.1177/0956797612459657
Journal article

2012

P.3.b.001 Cannabis use and psychotic experiences in UK teenagers – a longitudinal study

Gage, S., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafò, M., & Zammit, S. (2012). P.3.b.001 Cannabis use and psychotic experiences in UK teenagers – a longitudinal study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, S315. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(12)70482-0

DOI
10.1016/s0924-977x(12)70482-0
Journal article

2011

P1-427 Associations of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring cognition throughout childhood and adolescence

Gage, S., Lawlor, D., Tilling, K., Tolppanen, A. M., & Fraser, A. (2011). P1-427 Associations of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring cognition throughout childhood and adolescence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(Suppl 1), A185.2-A185. doi:10.1136/jech.2011.142976g.17

DOI
10.1136/jech.2011.142976g.17
Journal article

2010

Industry funding and placebo quit rate in clinical trials of nicotine replacement therapy: a commentary on Etter et al. (2007).

Greene, N. M. P., Taylor, E. M., Gage, S. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2010). Industry funding and placebo quit rate in clinical trials of nicotine replacement therapy: a commentary on Etter et al. (2007).. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(12), 2217-2218. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03155.x

DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03155.x
Journal article

2009

Preserved implicit knowledge of a forgotten childhood language.

Bowers, J. S., Mattys, S. L., & Gage, S. H. (2009). Preserved implicit knowledge of a forgotten childhood language.. Psychological science, 20(9), 1064-1069. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02407.x

DOI
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02407.x
Journal article