Research outputs
2026
RUSSIAN CYBER POWER IN THE BALTIC STATES:
Hardy, A. (2026). RUSSIAN CYBER POWER IN THE BALTIC STATES:. In The Anthem Handbook of Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in the Age of AI (pp. 295-312). Anthem Press. doi:10.2307/jj.42679325.24
Is Liverpool AI-Ready? An investigation of public sector organisations in Liverpool City Region
McClure, S., Hardy, A., Yates, S., Crone, S., & Adam, N. (n.d.). Is Liverpool AI-Ready? An investigation of public sector organisations in Liverpool City Region.
2025
As the UK plans to introduce digital IDs, what can it learn from pioneer Estonia?
Hardy, A. (2025). As the UK plans to introduce digital IDs, what can it learn from pioneer Estonia?. doi:10.64628/ab.rttet57p3
AI, data analytics, and digital technology use: A survey of the UK workforce
Yates, S., McClure, S., & Hardy, A. (n.d.). AI, data analytics, and digital technology use: A survey of the UK workforce.
Defence Data Research Centre: UK attitudes towards data
Yates, S., McClure, S., & Hardy, A. (n.d.). Defence Data Research Centre: UK attitudes towards data.
2024
Digital innovation and shelter theory: exploring Estonia’s e-Residency, Data Embassy, and cross-border e-governance initiatives
Hardy, A. (2024). Digital innovation and shelter theory: exploring Estonia’s e-Residency, Data Embassy, and cross-border e-governance initiatives. Journal of Baltic Studies, 55(4), 793-810. doi:10.1080/01629778.2023.2288118
Estonia’s digital diplomacy: Nordic interoperability and the challenges of cross-border e-governance
Hardy, A. (2024). Estonia’s digital diplomacy: Nordic interoperability and the challenges of cross-border e-governance. Internet Policy Review, 13(3). doi:10.14763/2024.3.1785
Attitudes to Data: Workshop Findings Vs Policy
Hardy, A. (n.d.). Attitudes to Data: Workshop Findings Vs Policy. Retrieved from https://ddrc.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DDRC-Workshops-Vs-Policy-Clean.pdf
Attitudes to Data
Hardy, A. (2024). Attitudes to Data. Retrieved from https://ddrc.uk/
2022
‘The Art of the Steal?': Russia’s online voting problem
Hardy, A. (2022). ‘The Art of the Steal?': Russia’s online voting problem. Global Voices. Retrieved from https://globalvoices.org/
Estonia: A Curious and Cautious Approach to Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Robinson, N., Hardy, A., & Ertan, A. (2022). Estonia: A Curious and Cautious Approach to Artificial Intelligence and National Security. In S. Romaniuk, & M. Manjikian (Eds.), Routledge Companion to Artificial Intelligence and National Security Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4105328: Routledge.
Securing e-Estonia: Challenges, Insecurities, Opportunities
Hardy, A. (2022). Securing e-Estonia: Challenges, Insecurities, Opportunities. (Royal Holloway, University of London).
2021
Estonia: From the "Bronze Night" to Cybersecurity Pioneers
Robinson, N., & Hardy, A. (2021). Estonia: From the "Bronze Night" to Cybersecurity Pioneers. In S. Romaniuk, & M. Manjikian (Eds.), Routledge Companion to Global Cyber Security Strategy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429399718-19: Routledge.
2020
Russia scales up e-voting for key referendum- but misses security issue
Hardy, A. (2020). Russia scales up e-voting for key referendum- but misses security issue. Open Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/