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Ian Sandall

Dr Ian Sandall
MPhys, PhD

Reader
Electrical Engineering and Electronics

Contact

Ian.Sandall@liverpool.ac.uk

+44 (0)151 794 9796

Research outputs

Selected research outputs

  1. Highly-mismatched InAs/InSe heterojunction diodes (Journal article - 2016)
  2. Demonstration of InAsBi photoresponse beyond 3.5 μm (Journal article - 2014)
  3. High-Gain InAs Planar Avalanche Photodiodes (Journal article - 2016)
  4. Linear array of InAs APDs operating at 2 μm (Journal article - 2013)
What type of research output do you want to show?

2026

WormNet: An Automated Deep Learning Platform for Robust and High-Throughput C. elegans Behavior Analysis

Shi, Q., Shi, Y., Li, S., Fu, L., Gu, J., Qiao, Y., . . . Song, P. (2026). WormNet: An Automated Deep Learning Platform for Robust and High-Throughput C. elegans Behavior Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 23, 9734-9744. doi:10.1109/TASE.2026.3693285

DOI
10.1109/TASE.2026.3693285
Journal article

2025

Sensor

Sandall, I., & Hughes, A. (2024, August 27). 2025/0076040, Sensor. United states.

Patent

Morphological Controlled Growth of a Newly Discovered Linker-based Luminescent Metal-organic-frameworks Amine-functionalised Zinc-based Metal-organic-framework

Ng, S. S., Sandall, I., Chiu, H. -C., & Doong, R. -A. (2025). Morphological Controlled Growth of a Newly Discovered Linker-based Luminescent Metal-organic-frameworks Amine-functionalised Zinc-based Metal-organic-framework. In SMART MATERIALS FOR OPTO-ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 2025 Vol. 13528. doi:10.1117/12.3058211

DOI
10.1117/12.3058211
Conference Paper

2024

Peroxidase-like molybdenum oxides/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot as the smartphone-based immunosensing probe for the ultrasensitive detection of neurofilament light chain in human serum

Ng, S. S., Sandall, I., Chiu, H. -C., & Doong, R. -A. (2024). Peroxidase-like molybdenum oxides/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot as the smartphone-based immunosensing probe for the ultrasensitive detection of neurofilament light chain in human serum. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL, 419, 9 pages. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.136426

DOI
10.1016/j.snb.2024.136426
Journal article

2023

Comparison of Bio Sensing Techniques for VEGF

Alshammari, A., Hulme, S., van Zalinge, H., & Sandall, I. (2023). Comparison of Bio Sensing Techniques for VEGF. In 2023 IEEE BIOSENSORS CONFERENCE, BIOSENSORS (pp. 4 pages). doi:10.1109/BioSensors58001.2023.10280896

DOI
10.1109/BioSensors58001.2023.10280896
Conference Paper

2022

2021

2020

Feasibility of a silicon thin film transistor-based aptamer sensor for COVID-19 detection

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-74726/v2
Preprint

Suppression of Surface Leakage Currents in InAs Avalanche Photodiodes via Sputtering of High-<i>k</i> Dielectric Layers

Cao, Z., Mitrovic, I. Z., & Sandall, I. (2020). Suppression of Surface Leakage Currents in InAs Avalanche Photodiodes via Sputtering of High-<i>k</i> Dielectric Layers. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, 67(10), 4269-4273. doi:10.1109/TED.2020.3012122

DOI
10.1109/TED.2020.3012122
Journal article

GaAsSbN for Multi-Junction Solar Cells

Mumtaz, A., Milanova, M., Sandall, I., Cheetham, K., Cao, Z., Bilton, M., . . . Durose, K. (2020). GaAsSbN for Multi-Junction Solar Cells. In 2020 47TH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE (PVSC) (pp. 1799-1803). doi:10.1109/pvsc45281.2020.9300524

DOI
10.1109/pvsc45281.2020.9300524
Conference Paper

2019

Enhancing the engagement of large cohorts using live interactive polling and feedback

Sedghi, N., Limniou, M., Al-Nuiamy, W., Sandall, I., Al Ataby, A., & Duret, D. (2021). Enhancing the engagement of large cohorts using live interactive polling and feedback. In Developing Academic Practice Vol. 2021 (pp. 31-50). Liverpool University Press. doi:10.3828/dap.2021.6

DOI
10.3828/dap.2021.6
Conference Paper

2018

2017

Hole density and acceptor-type defects in MBE-grown GaSb<sub>1-x</sub>Bi<sub>x</sub>

Segercrantz, N., Slotte, J., Makonnen, I., Tuomisto, F., Sandall, I. C., Ashwin, M. J., & Veal, T. D. (2017). Hole density and acceptor-type defects in MBE-grown GaSb1-x  Bi x. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 50(29), 6 pages. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/aa779a

DOI
10.1088/1361-6463/aa779a
Journal article

Optimization of self-catalyzed InAs Nanowires on flexible graphite for photovoltaic infrared photodetectors

Anyebe, E., Sandall, I., Jin, Z., Sanchez, A., Rajpalke, M., Veal, T., . . . Zhuang, Q. (2017). Optimization of self-catalyzed InAs Nanowires on flexible graphite for photovoltaic infrared photodetectors. Scientific Reports, 7. doi:10.1038/srep46110

DOI
10.1038/srep46110
Journal article

2016

2015

Planar InAs Avalanche Photodiodes

White, B. S., Sandall, I. C., & Tan, C. H. (2015). Planar InAs Avalanche Photodiodes. In 2015 PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

2014

InAs APD with solid state photomultiplier characteristics

Sandall, I., White, B., & Tan, C. H. (2014). InAs APD with solid state photomultiplier characteristics. In 2014 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC) (pp. 354-355). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

InAsBi photodiode operating in the MWIR

Sandall, I. C., Bastiman, F., White, B., Richards, R., David, J., & Tan, C. H. (2014). InAsBi photodiode operating in the MWIR. In 2014 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC) (pp. 356-357). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

Planar InAs p-i-n photodiodes fabricated using ion implantation

White, B. S., Sandall, I., & Tan, C. H. (2014). Planar InAs p-i-n photodiodes fabricated using ion implantation. In 2014 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC) (pp. 352-353). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

Temperature dependence of impact ionization in InAs (vol 21, pg 8630, 2013)

Sandall, I. C., Ng, J. S., Xie, S., Ker, P. J., & Tan, C. H. (2014). Temperature dependence of impact ionization in InAs (vol 21, pg 8630, 2013). OPTICS EXPRESS, 22(21), 25923. doi:10.1364/OE.22.025923

DOI
10.1364/OE.22.025923
Journal article

Demonstration of an InAsBi photodiode operating in the MWIR

Sandall, I. C., Bastiman, F., White, B., Richards, R. D., David, J., & Tan, C. H. (2014). Demonstration of an InAsBi photodiode operating in the MWIR. In EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN SECURITY AND DEFENCE II AND QUANTUM-PHYSICS-BASED INFORMATION SECURITY III Vol. 9254. doi:10.1117/12.2069697

DOI
10.1117/12.2069697
Conference Paper

2013

2012

Electrical modulation of the optical properties of mid-infrared metamaterials

Larsen, K., Austin, D., Sandall, I. C., Davies, D. G., Revin, D. G., Cockburn, J. W., . . . Wilson, L. R. (2012). Electrical modulation of the optical properties of mid-infrared metamaterials. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 101(25). doi:10.1063/1.4772545

DOI
10.1063/1.4772545
Journal article

InAs Quantum Dot Photodetector operating at 1.3 μm grown on Silicon

Sandall, I. C., Ng, J. S., David, J. P., Tan, C. H., Wang, T., & Liu, H. (2012). InAs Quantum Dot Photodetector operating at 1.3 μm grown on Silicon. In 2012 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC) (pp. 167-+). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

Planar InAs photodiodes fabricated using He ion implantation

Sandall, I., Tan, C. H., Smith, A., & Gwilliam, R. (2012). Planar InAs photodiodes fabricated using He ion implantation. In 2012 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (IPC) (pp. 165-+). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

2011

2010

X-shaped plasmonic antenna on a quantum cascade laser

Austin, D., Mullin, N., Luxmoore, I., Sandall, I. C., Cullis, A. G., Bismuto, A., . . . Wilson, L. R. (2010). X-shaped plasmonic antenna on a quantum cascade laser. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 96(15). doi:10.1063/1.3380660

DOI
10.1063/1.3380660
Journal article

2008

Origin of temperature-dependent threshold current in p-doped and undoped In(Ga)As quantum dot lasers (<i>Invited paper</i>)

Smowton, P. M., George, A., Sandall, I. C., Hopkinson, M., & Liu, H. -Y. (2008). Origin of temperature-dependent threshold current in p-doped and undoped In(Ga)As quantum dot lasers (<i>Invited paper</i>). IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 14(4), 1162-1170. doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2008.920040

DOI
10.1109/JSTQE.2008.920040
Journal article

2007

Identifying the origin of non-radiative recombination in ln(Ga)As quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., George, A. A., Sandall, I. C., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2007). Identifying the origin of non-radiative recombination in ln(Ga)As quantum dot lasers. In 2007 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 (pp. 429-+). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

Localized Auger recombination in quantum-dot lasers

Blood, P., Pask, H., Summers, H. D., & Sandall, I. (2007). Localized Auger recombination in quantum-dot lasers. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 43(11-12), 1140-1146. doi:10.1109/JQE.2007.907541

DOI
10.1109/JQE.2007.907541
Journal article

Temperature-dependent gain and threshold in P-doped quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2007). Temperature-dependent gain and threshold in P-doped quantum dot lasers. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 13(5), 1261-1266. doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2007.903375

DOI
10.1109/JSTQE.2007.903375
Journal article

Nonradiative recombination in. multiple layer In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers

Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Liu, H. -Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2007). Nonradiative recombination in. multiple layer In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 43(7-8), 698-703. doi:10.1109/JQE.2007.901583

DOI
10.1109/JQE.2007.901583
Journal article

Recombination in quantum dot ensembles

Blood, P., Pask, H., Sandall, I., & Summers, H. (2007). Recombination in quantum dot ensembles. In NOVEL IN - PLANE SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS IV Vol. 6485. doi:10.1117/12.714264

DOI
10.1117/12.714264
Conference Paper

Maximising the gain - Optimising the carrier distribution in InGaAs quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. -Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2007). Maximising the gain - Optimising the carrier distribution in InGaAs quantum dot lasers. In PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XV Vol. 6468. doi:10.1117/12.702733

DOI
10.1117/12.702733
Conference Paper

Gain in <i>p</i>-doped quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2007). Gain in <i>p</i>-doped quantum dot lasers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 101(1). doi:10.1063/1.2405738

DOI
10.1063/1.2405738
Journal article

2006

Improved 1.3 μm In(Ga)As quantum dot lasers by engineering the GaAs spacer layers

Walker, C. L., Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Badcock, T. J., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Improved 1.3 μm In(Ga)As quantum dot lasers by engineering the GaAs spacer layers. In Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CLEO QELS 2006. doi:10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628003

DOI
10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628003
Conference Paper

Localised recombination in quantum dot structures

Sandall, I. C., Pask, H. J., Smowton, P. M., Summers, H. D., Blood, P., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Localised recombination in quantum dot structures. In Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CLEO QELS 2006. doi:10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628106

DOI
10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628106
Conference Paper

Maximising the gain and minimising the non-radiative recombination in 1.3μm quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Walker, C. L., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Maximising the gain and minimising the non-radiative recombination in 1.3μm quantum dot lasers. In Conference Digest IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference (pp. 75-76).

Conference Paper

The effect of p - Doping in in(Ga)as quantum dot lasers

Sandall, I. C., Walker, C. L., Smowton, P. M., Badcock, T., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). The effect of p - Doping in in(Ga)as quantum dot lasers. In Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CLEO QELS 2006. doi:10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628109

DOI
10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628109
Conference Paper

Measurement of modal absorption, gain and recombination in p-doped and intrinsic quantum dot structures

Sandall, I. C., Walker, C. L., Smowton, P. M., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Measurement of modal absorption, gain and recombination in p-doped and intrinsic quantum dot structures. In IEE PROCEEDINGS-OPTOELECTRONICS Vol. 153 (pp. 316-320). doi:10.1049/ip-opt:20060042

DOI
10.1049/ip-opt:20060042
Conference Paper

Temperature dependence of threshold current in <i>p</i>-doped quantum dot lasers

Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Thomson, J. D., Badcock, T., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. -Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Temperature dependence of threshold current in <i>p</i>-doped quantum dot lasers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 89(15). doi:10.1063/1.2361167

DOI
10.1063/1.2361167
Journal article

1.3μm emitting, self assembled quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). 1.3μm emitting, self assembled quantum dot lasers. In 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 (pp. 867). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper

Improved performance of 1.3-μm In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers by modifying the temperature profile of the GaAs spacer layers

Walker, C. L., Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., Liew, S. L., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). Improved performance of 1.3-μm In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers by modifying the temperature profile of the GaAs spacer layers. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, 18(13-16), 1557-1559. doi:10.1109/LPT.2006.879592

DOI
10.1109/LPT.2006.879592
Journal article

Characterisation of modulation doped quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Walker, C. L., Thomson, J. D., Sobiesierski, A., Badcock, T., . . . Hopkinson, M. (2006). Characterisation of modulation doped quantum dot lasers. In NOVEL IN-PLANE SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS V Vol. 6133. doi:10.1117/12.650682

DOI
10.1117/12.650682
Conference Paper

Recombination mechanisms in 1.3-μm InAs quantum-dot lasers

Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Walker, C. L., Liu, H. Y., Hopkinson, M., & Mowbray, D. J. (2006). Recombination mechanisms in 1.3-μm InAs quantum-dot lasers. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, 18(5-8), 965-967. doi:10.1109/LPT.2006.873560

DOI
10.1109/LPT.2006.873560
Journal article

The effect of <i>p</i> doping in InAs quantum dot lasers

Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Walker, C. L., Badcock, T., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). The effect of <i>p</i> doping in InAs quantum dot lasers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 88(11). doi:10.1063/1.2186078

DOI
10.1063/1.2186078
Journal article

1.3μm emitting, self assembled quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2006). 1.3μm emitting, self assembled quantum dot lasers. In Conference Proceedings Lasers and Electro Optics Society Annual Meeting LEOS (pp. 867). doi:10.1109/LEOS.2006.279081

DOI
10.1109/LEOS.2006.279081
Conference Paper

Auger Recombination is NOT Necessary to Explain the Temperature Dependence of Threshold in p-doped Quantum Dot Lasers

Smowton, P. M., Sandall, I. C., Thomson, J. D., Badcock, T., Mowbray, D. J., Jin, C. -Y., & Liu, H. -Y. (2006). Auger Recombination is NOT Necessary to Explain the Temperature Dependence of Threshold in p-doped Quantum Dot Lasers. In Conference Digest ISLC 1998 NARA 1998 IEEE 16th International Semiconductor Laser Conference (Cat No 98CH361130) (pp. 155-156). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/islc.2006.1708133

DOI
10.1109/islc.2006.1708133
Conference Paper

2005

Recombination processes in InAs quantum dot lasers containing high growth temperature spacer layers operating at 1.3 m

Sandall, I. C., Walker, C. L., Smowton, P. M., Sellers, I. R., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2005). Recombination processes in InAs quantum dot lasers containing high growth temperature spacer layers operating at 1.3 m. In 2005 European Quantum Electronics Conference Eqec 05 Vol. 2005 (pp. 20). doi:10.1109/EQEC.2005.1567193

DOI
10.1109/EQEC.2005.1567193
Conference Paper

The role of high growth temperature GaAs spacer layers in 1.3-μm In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers

Walker, C. L., Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Sellers, I., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., & Hopkinson, M. (2005). The role of high growth temperature GaAs spacer layers in 1.3-μm In(Ga)As quantum-dot lasers. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, 17(10), 2011-2013. doi:10.1109/LPT.2005.854393

DOI
10.1109/LPT.2005.854393
Journal article

Growth and characterisation of multiple layer quantum dot lasers

Smowton, P. M., Walker, C. L., Sandall, I. C., Sellers, I. R., Mowbray, D. J., Liu, H. Y., . . . Hopkinson, M. (2005). Growth and characterisation of multiple layer quantum dot lasers. In Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers IV Vol. 5738 (pp. 332-346). doi:10.1117/12.593278

DOI
10.1117/12.593278
Conference Paper

AlGaInP laser diodes incorporating a 3λ/4 multiple quantum barrier - art. no. 021102

Sobiesierski, A., Sandall, I. C., Smowton, P. M., Blood, P., Krysa, A. B., Brown, M. R., . . . Wilks, S. P. (2005). AlGaInP laser diodes incorporating a 3λ/4 multiple quantum barrier - art. no. 021102. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 86(2). doi:10.1063/1.1849847

DOI
10.1063/1.1849847
Journal article

2004

Improved gain and loss performance of 1.3 μm quantum dot lasers using high growth temperature GaAs Spacer layer

Walker, C. L., Sandall, I. C., & Smowton, P. M. (2004). Improved gain and loss performance of 1.3 μm quantum dot lasers using high growth temperature GaAs Spacer layer. In 2004 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 (pp. 212-213). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Conference Paper