Geophysics (Geology) BSc (Hons)

This module introduces students to the key skills necessary to succeed on a University Earth Science course. It does this via a series of lectures, workshops, and tutorials, together with a geology fieldwork day and attendance at departmental seminars and talks. The lectures, towards the start of the firt semester, cover academic integrity, exam skills, employability and 2D/3D visualisation. Tailored workshops cover Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Word, Excel and programming skills. Small-group (typically 4 to 8 students) tutorials are run by academic staff and cover essay writing, careers and employability. Students receive formative feedback on a practice essay in the first semester before completing one that is summatively assessed, set in the second semester. Academic tutors undertake personal development planning (PDP, i.e. careers and module selection advice) with each tutee. It is recomended that all students attend departmental seminars and the annual Herdman (student-led) conference as these help students integrate into the department and understand the sorts of research and applied activity that takes place.

​This module provides a basic introduction to sedimentology and palaeontology. Students learn about the origin of sediment, sedimentary processes and structures and the ways in which sediments are converted into solid rock. The course outlines the importance of sedimentary rocks for hydrocarbons, water and as construction materials. Students learn how to describe and interpret sedimentary deposits.

The palaeontology component introduces students to the major fossil groups and to the ways in which  organisms can be preserved as fossils. It covers the importance of fossils for the study of evolution, environmental change and earth history. Students learn how to describe fossils and how observations contribute to a broader understanding.

Students will be assessed by means of two practical tests and a theory examination.

​This module aims to provide all students with a common foundation in mathematics, necessary for studying the physical sciences and maths courses in later semesters. All topics will begin "from the ground up" by revising ideas which may be familiar from A-level before building on these concepts. In particular, the basic principles of differentiation and integration will be practised, before extending to functions of more than one variable.

This field module provides a basic training in field techniques and gives students practical experience working with a wide range of rock types and tectonic structures to solve geological problems. Students gain experience in recording field data and use their own data to interpret geological processes and environments. 
The module is assessed by means of an individual fieldwork portfolio, and a group synthesis poster completed after the field class.

The “Earth structure and plate tectonics” module provides an introduction to the Earth and aim to teach students about:
1) the structure and composition of the Earth, the Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields, and dynamics within the deep Earth;
2) the physics of Earth material and the geological time scale; and
3) plate tectonics.

This module introduces a key subject within Earth Sciences, Structural Geology and Geological Mapping. In this module you will be introduced to geological structures from the micro to the mountain scale, and receive training in the geometrical techniques used to document and analyse them. You will also learn the basic principles of stress and strain which underpin a number of advanced Earth Science subjects and skills used in industry and research. Finally, the module will provide training in how to read and understand geological maps, and train your 3D visualisation skills by learning how to create geological cross-sections from maps, and how to stereographically plot 3D geological data. A combination of virtual lectures, practical skill development sessions, discussion sessions, and directed reading will help you navigate this important Earth Sciences topic. You will be assessed on the development of your practical skills through an end-of-semester open book practical exam, and you will write an individual research paper on a specific topic in structural geology.

​This module introduces some of the mathematical techniques used in physics. For example, matrices, differential equations, vector calculus and series are discussed. The ideas are first presented in lectures and then the put into practice in problems classes, with support from demonstrators and the module lecturer. When you have finished this module, you should: Be able to manipulate matrices and use matrix methods to solve simultaneous linear equations. Be familiar with methods for solving first and second order differential equations in one variable. Have a basic knowledge of vector algebra. Have a basic understanding of series, in particular of Fourier series and transforms.

This module will introduce and develop understanding of rock-forming minerals, and other key Earth materials in terms of their environments of formation, occurrence, and abundance. The module will focus on exploring the uses and societal significance of a range of Earth materials, especially those most important for providing sustainable and renewable energy resources and various societal infrastructure. The key practical skill of mineral description, identification and interpretation will be developed and applied throughout the module, to equip students with appropriate skills for many later geoscience modules.

​This module re-enforces and develops mathematical skills from first year level, up to and including solving partial differentiation. Many topics are covered in a short time – the aim is for students to be familiar with the methods and with fluency in application being a bonus. The second half of the module applies the mathematical methods to the development of potential theory, particularly for studying gravity and magnetism in both cartesian and spherical (planetary) geometry.

This module provides an introduction to the principles and practise of all the main geophysical methods used for exploration purposes. This includes seismic refraction, seismic reflection, electrical methods, ground penetrating radar, gravity, and magnetics. Students will also gain understanding of when and where each method can be useful. Case studies will be used to highlight application of methods on all scales from shallow to deep, small to large and include uses within archaeology, engineering and geology. The module concludes with a synthesis of methods and how to approach site investigation. The module is lecture and problem session based with 50% continuous assessment from set homework assignments or problem sheets. The final exam constitutes the rest of the assessment.

This module comprises a series of lectures and practical classes to facilitate students constructing their own learning in the fields of mineralogy, igneous petrology and geochemistry. The module’s learning outcomes are assessed by a mid-term class test, creating an individual A3 poster based on a topical case study, and a summative exam.

The module provides an overview of Newtonian mechanics, continuing on from A-level courses. This includes: Newton’s laws of motion in linear and rotational circumstances, gravitation and Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The theory of Relativity is then introduced, starting from a historical context, through Einstein’s postulates, leading to the Lorentz transformations.

This module introduces students to fundamentals of geophysics and seismology in the context of computer programming. Students will become familiar with methods used in geophysics and seismology, such as the types of seismic wave (body waves, surface waves), wave propagation and how to read/interpret seismic data, earthquake properties, and geodynamics. After an introductory two weeks of programming basics, students will then start to write scripts that simulate geophysical processes and analyse data. By the end of the module, students should have a good overview of the ways in which geophysics and seismology is applied in global and exploration settings, and in the study of earth processes.

This module builds on the theory taught in Exploration Geophysics (ENVS216), by introducing a large amount of practical experience, data analysis and interpretation. Fieldwork will be run using input from industry professionals from RSK. The module will introduce principles of remote sensing, and give practical experience in GIS, electrical methods, seismics, ground penetrating radar, gravity and magnetics. Attention will be paid to how these different methods can be integrated to give a thorough understanding of a study site. The module will be assessed through a combination of continuous assessment such as short reports.

This module is a 10 day field class or online equivalent in which students learn various techniques required to assess the 3D geological evolution of an area. Training entails mapping exercises at different scales, designed to develop abilities to visualise geology and geomorphology in 3D, and to analyse and synthesise discrete observations to build a full four-dimensional model that includes the deep-time geological history of the area . Mapping techniques also include notebook construction, to complement any geological or geomorphological map, generalised vertical sections and lithostratigraphy, and the construction of cross-sections for 3D visualisation. These are all skills that are highly regarded and often required by geoscience employers, and this field class also provides the students with several skills required for final year independent research projects. Staff supervise all mapping and technical exercises and provide feedback throughout, but with progressively less direct staff supervision as the module progresses, to encourage independent work as student’s skills develop. Group work, when possible, develops the individual’s ability to work effectively in a team. Assessment takes place during the field class exercise.

Waves lie at the heart of physics, being phenomena associated with quantum wave mechanics, electromagnetic fields, communication, lasers and, spectacularly, gravitational waves. The course is divided into several major sections. The first, can be viewed as a pre-wave study of oscillations. This teaches the basics of oscillatory systems which form the backbone of an understanding of waves. The second, deals with waves in abstract; solution of the wave equation and the principles of superposition. Finally, we look at examples of wave phenomena. These are the first introduction to what will be covered in the remainder of your degree.

This module provides second or third year students with a foundation in the whole subject of metamorphism, from how and why atoms move around to form new minerals, through the textures of metamorphic rocks in hand specimen and how to interpret them, to the large scale plate tectonic phenomena that drive everything. Previous study of mineralogy, igneous and structural geology is assumed. Lectures are interactive – the lecturer presents the outline to the audience, takes questions from the audience and students will work up the lecture notes in their own time incorporating material from textbooks. Practicals involve thin section work (the only way to become familiar with metamorphic minerals and textures), hand specimen examination, calculations and the study of metamorphic and other maps of the Caledonian mountain belt in Britain and Ireland. Students will begin by studying the fundamental principles of metamorphic geology and gradually the scale of consideration enlarges until by halfway through the module, we see how metamorphism links to, and informs us about, past and present plate tectonics. We then return to some more detailed techniques for studying metamorphism, and finish by tying all the ideas together in a “case study” of the Caledonides of Britain and Ireland, the eroded remnants of Palaeozoic subduction and collision. Metamorphic geology plays a pivotal role in unravelling this story, as it does in unravelling the history of the entire Earth. Students are assessed during term in using practical skills (thin section drawing, calculations, use of various graphical and pictorial techniques) and through a final theory exam in knowledge and understanding of the subject

This module will provide an introduction the fundamentals of signal processing and seismic interpretation. The module is taught through a combination of Lectures, practical examples during computer-based practical sessions, and self-directed learning. Assessment for the module includes a conference style presentation on the analysis and interpretation of a real-world seismic dataset and a final exam. Successful students will develop understanding of the fundamental concepts and theory of signal processing. They will become familiar with modern seismic data analysis workflows, including correcting and enhancing data, leading to a final geologic interpretation.

A pinnacle of your degree, this module will embed you withinan active research group where you will undertake an individual and unique geophysical research project over the course of an academic year. The results of your analyses may well constitute an original scientific finding forming part of a future peer-reviewed paper appearing in an international publication. In addition to developing specific and general research skills, you will gain invaluable experience in communicating your topic and findings in both an oral and written format.

This module is a practical introduction to a range of techniques in exploration and environmental geophysics, and their application in industry and research. The students receive field-based (or online, where necessary) training in geophysical techniques, including seismic, gravity, magnetic, and electrical methods. During the entire duration of the field class the students will work in teams, and will be required to undertake a geophysical survey. The learning outcomes include developing:
i) knowledge of geophysical instruments and their response to a variety of targets;
ii) an understanding of the principles, limitations and errors in geophysical data acquisition;
iii) an understanding of geophysical data analysis and interpretation;
iv) knowledge of the principles of geophysical survey designs;
v) an understanding of the standards required for reporting and presentation to peers and the general public. The students will benefit from being exposed to problem solving and a workflow analogous to working for a major exploration or geophysical engineering company.

This module returns to the broad subject areas covered in “ENVS112 – Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics” but has a stronger quantitative and research skills focus. It will cover advanced topics in plate tectonics, global mantle and core geodynamics, Earth and planetary history and lithospheric-scale processes. A strong emphasis is placed on physical interactions between the primary layers of Earth leading to an integrational understanding of Earth’s dynamics and evolution.

This module provides introduction to the fundamentals of applied seismology and essential training for students interested in academic or government careers in seismology. The course mainly deals with the analysis and interpretation of seismic data using arrays and networks of seismometers to constrain complex geological processes in tectonic and volcanic settings, and to evaluate earthquake and volcanic hazards. The course is research-led and provides a learning experience that reflects the process of creating knowledge through activities that mirrors modern research practices. Content will be delivered through a combination of traditional class-based lectures, research seminars and computer-based sessions. The students will have an opportunity to work with real-world seismic data, and will learn and apply state-of-the-art techniques used in operational settings for seismic and volcano monitoring.

Geophysics talks are full of exciting colour figures showing the interior of the Earth. But are these pictures real? At best, they are only a simplified mathematical parameterisation of the true earth; at worst they can be misleading or plain wrong. This module provides the tools to construct such models by mathematical modelling of geophysical observations, but perhaps even more importantly, shows how such models can be interpreted, and provides understanding of their limitations. Mathematical foundations are given with sections on matrix analysis, optimisation theory and statistics, before going on to show how these are applied to geophysical problems. The concept of “non-uniqueness” is central– almost all geophysical modules require the estimation of an infinite (continuous)system from only finite data. Error estimation is considered in detail, in particular the reasons why most error estimates are close to worthless! Detailed examples are presented from all areas of geophysics, with a project to generate a model of the magnetic field of the planet Neptune. Examples also extend to modern developments, including links to "Big data" and Machine learning.

Ocean dynamics addresses how the ocean and atmosphere circulate. Fundamental questions are addressed, such as how heat, salt, and dissolved substances are transported, how jets and weather systems emerge on our planet, why there are western boundary currents in the ocean, and how seafloor topography shapes the ocean circulation. 

Students will improve their understanding of how the ocean and atmosphere behave, including comparing the importance of different physical processes in the climate system. The module is delivered via lectures and formative workshops to gain skills at problem solving. There is significant mathematical content, requiring familiarity with calculus and algebra. The module is assessed through two online tests (25% each) and an essay (50%).

Sedimentary successions are the only archive from which we can accurately decode the Earth’s past. Using physical, chemical and biological information we can reconstruct past climates, tectonics and depositional environments. This module teaches the fundamental principles of interpreting sedimentary stratigraphy, and develops students’ abilities to recognize sedimentary textures and use them to interpret ancient depositional environments.

This module will teach students to write and use simple numerical forward models of environmental systems, including geomorphic, geophysical, oceanographic and ecological models. Successful students will develop important transferrable coding and numeracy skills through a series of lectures, seminars and practical work. The module will be assessed through practical work only, with formative feedback throughout to help develop the necessary skills.