The overall aim of this module is to consolidate and extend second year knowledge of Inorganic, Organic, Physical chemistry.

Inorganic:
• Enhance students' understanding of the fundamental nature of ordered crystalline solids.
• Develop the concept that the structure of materials impacts on their properties and applications.
• Provide an introduction to the use of diffraction methods to characterise crystal structures.
• Describe characterisation techniques, for both crystalline and amorphous materials.
• Outline electronic structure in the solid state.
• Describe a range of materials manufacturing techniques.

Organic
• Pericyclic reactions, rearrangements, fragmentations, radical and Pd-catalysed reactions.
• Basic concepts and techniques of physical organic chemistry including free energy diagrams and kinetic analysis of common mechanisms.

Physical:
 022; The physical chemistry of the condensed phase.
• How quantum mechanics can be used to calculate properties of materials.

(LO1) Organic learning outcomes:
Students will have a good understanding of some core synthetic reactions
Students will be able to apply their knowledge to solve problems involving these reactions
Students will be able to deduce mechanisms on the basis of kinetic and other evidence

(LO2) Inorganic learning outcomes:
Understand and describe the characteristics of the crystalline solid state
Be able to perform simple analyses of powder X-ray diffraction data
Describe the factors affecting the crystal structures formed by ionic compounds
Understand that solid structures directly influence the physical and functional properties of materials, and describe examples
Understand the solid-state electronic structure of inorganic materials
Understand the microscopic origins of magnetism, and describe the mechanisms which lead to collective magnetic behaviour
Interpret magnetic data and classify types of inorganic magnetic materials.
Recognise the uses of magnetic materials.

(LO3) Physical learning outcomes:
Ability to describe and discuss the physical chemistry underlying electrochemical cells, batteries and fuel cells, and to apply the acquired knowledge to perform fundamental thermodynamic calculations on electrochemical cells.
Ability to apply the physicochemical knowledge gained in the course, including the relevant equations, to solve problems relating to the physical chemistry of the condensed state.
Ability to describe the physical chemistry of species in solutions, including ions, surfactants and colloidal particles.
Ability to understand and analyse the differences between ideal and real systems.
Ability to understand chemical bonding in molecules from quantum mechanical principles.

(S1) Critical thinking and problem solving - critical analysis

(S2) Improving own learning/performance - personal action planning

(S3) S3 Time and project management - personal organisation

This is distance learning module in which students are expected to work through the course text books in conjunction with lecture notes and screencasts according to the schedule provided. Sets of assignment problems are set at two or three week intervals to assess progress. Students submit work online according to the timetable provided and should expect to receive feedback on the work within one week.
At the end of subject block there is an online class test.

INORGANIC
Introduction to Solid State Chemistry (10 lectures)
• Basic concepts in crystalline solids (builds on CHEM111)
◦ What is a crystal? – lattices, unit cells, symmetry
◦ Describing crystal structures – fractional coordinates, Miller indices
◦ Close packing of spheres in metallic solids
◦ Simple ionic solids derived from close-packed structures
◦ Rationalising structure types using radius ratio rule, and its limitations
• Diffraction characterisation of crystalline solids
◦ Interference of waves, Braggs'' law
◦ Concept of the reciprocal lattice, relation to the direct lattice and diffraction
◦ Diffraction intensities and systematic absences
◦ Experimental aspects of X-ray diffraction and uses of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
◦ Application of con cepts to indexing PXRD patterns and deducing lattice centring
◦ Limitations and complementary experimental methods (scattering, spectroscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques - continued in Manufacturing Materials)
• Solid state structures of functional inorganic materials
◦ Structure-function relationships and applications of functional crystalline solids
◦ Polymorphism - concept and examples in ionic solids, contrasts in physical properties
◦ Spinels - normal vs. inverse structures and contributing factors
◦ Perovskites - use of tolerance factor to predict perovskite distortion
◦ Covalent solids - properties and structures of carbon allotropes
◦ Framework solids - structures and properties of zeolites, metal-organic frameworks
• Introducing complexity
◦ Hybrid structures (MOFs, hybrid perovskites, fullerides)
◦ Structure of the YBCO high temperature superconductor as a perovskite superstructure
◦ Structure of point and extended defects
◦ Doping, non-stoichiometry and disorder
◦ Influence of defect structure on functional properties and applications (examples from ionic conduction, MOFs)

Electronic and Magnetic materials (10 Lectures)
• Electrons in Solids
Qualitative description of distinction between metals, semi-conductors, and insulators (atomic vs. molecular electronic structure)
Density of states and Fermi energy, and experimental evidence for these concepts
Conductivity (Carrier density and temperature dependence)
Electronic structure of simple metals and transition metals
Band gap manipulation (Semi-conductor doping / Silicon vs. III/V systems)
Mott-Hubbard insulators and the breakdown of the band model
•Introduction to magnetochemistry
Introduce the concept that solids contain magnetic moments that interact with one another in a variety of different ways, giving rise to a diverse range of exciting and useful bulk materials properties
Describe several key manifestations and applications of magnetism as well as compare orders of magnitude of magnetic field strengths
Familiarise with units of magnetism
•The origin of magnetism in materials
Revisit spin and orbital angular momenta and their relevant quantum numbers and magnetic moments
Introduce the Bohr magneton as a convenient unit for atomic magnetism
•Magnetic moments of isolated atoms or ions
Describe the coupling of spin and orbital angular momenta and revise Hund’s rules to arrive at ground state magnetic moments and term symbols of rare-earth ions
Describe the effects of crystal fields and orbital quenching of magnetic moments of 3d transition metals to arrive at a spin-only formula
Compare calculated and observed magnetic moments of rare-earth and transition metal ions
• Magnetisation and magnetic susceptibility
Classify diamagnets and paramagnets by the sign and temperature-dependence of their magnetic susceptibilities and compare some common materials
For paramagnetism, demonstrate Curie’s Law and how – through the measurement of bulk magnetic susceptibility – we can determine the atomic magnetic moment of a material
• Magnetic interactions in the solid state
Compare ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic states, with examples, that can be produced via magnetic interactions
Consider the energy scale of the dipolar interaction to show that this is too low in energy to account for the high-temperature magnetic order observed in many magnetic materials
Describe the concept of exchange to derive the Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Outline how exchange can occur directly, but more frequently indirectly through the indirect superexchange mechanism
Make use of orbital overlap diagrams to show how 90º and 180º bonding interactions lead to ferro- and antiferromagnetic orders, respectively

Organic synthesis and reactions (17 lectures)
• Rearrangements and Fragmentations
• Pericyclic reactions
• Radical reactions
• Palladium-catalysed coupling reactions
Organic Mechanisms (3 lectures)
• Rates, equilibria and free energy diagrams
• Kinetics for multistep reactions

PHYSICAL
Ionic species, electrochemistry and introduction to surface Chemistry (10 lectures)
•Electrolytes and electrochemical thermodynamics
•Structure of liquids. Ion-solvent interactions. Examples of ionic hydration energies. Activities of ions. Half ell reactions and standard electrode potentials.
•Transport properties in liquids. Conductivity and mobility.
•Liquid surfaces: surface tensions and capillary rise. T he Young equation. Contact angles and surface wetting.
•Surfactants: Detergents and surfactants. Structure and properties of amphiphilic molecules. Critical micelle concentration. Monolayers.
•Colloids: structure of colloidal solutions. Origin of colloid stability. DVLO Theory.

Quantum Mechanics (7 lectures)
•Introduction to the use of atomic units, radial coordinates, 3D integrals and perturbation theory as tools to solve problems in quantum mechanics.
•Derivation of the orbitals of the hydrogen atom as solutions to the time-independent Schrodinger equation.
•Consideration of many electron atoms, the orbital approximation and electronic spin
•Deriving the molecular orbitals of the H2+ molecule. Secular determinants.
•Using the linear combination of atomic orbitals and other basis sets
•Demonstration of Hückel theory applied to conjugated pi systems