A major debate has taken place during the last twenty years over rural conditions in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia during the export boom. Most of the literature concentrates on Peru, but there is also important work on the other countries. We need to consider (1) the extent to which conditions for the indigenous population deteriorated in this period, in particular the degree to which the liberal state and the elites which controlled it attacked indigenous rights; (2) the reasons for labour migration and the consequences (positive and negative); (3) the reasons for rebellion in the countryside and its seriousness; and (4) whether banditry should be seen as an act of rebellion or simply lawlessness.
*A.J. Bauer, ‘Rural Workers in Spanish America: problems of peonage and oppression’, HAHR 59 (1979), 1-33 [see also comments on this by Brian Loveman and Bauer’s response in HAHR 59 (1979), 478-489]
K. Duncan & I. Rutledge (eds.), Land and Labour in Latin America, esp. chaps 6, 9, 10
G.M. Joseph, ‘On the Trail of Latin American Bandits: a re-examination of peasant resistance’, LARR 25: 3 (1990), 7-53 [and the commentaries and response in LARR 26: 1 (1991), 145-174]
S.J. Stern (ed.), Resistance, Rebellion and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World
N. Jacobsen, Mirages of Transition: the Peruvian altiplano, 1780-1930
N. Jacobsen, ‘Liberalism and Indian Communities in Peru, 1821-1920’, in R.H. Jackson (ed.), Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants
M.J. Gonzales, ‘Neo-Colonialism and Indian Unrest in Southern Peru, 1867-1898’, BLAR 6 (1987), 1-26
N. Long & B. Roberts, Peasant Co-operation and Capitalist Expansion in Northern Peru
F. Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru’s Central Highlands
L. Taylor, Bandits and Politics in Peru: landlord and peasant violence in Hualgayoc, 1900-30
M. Thurner, `Peasant Politics and Andean Haciendas in the Transition to Capitalism: an ethnographic history', LARR 28:3 (1993), 41-82
M. Thurner, ‘Atusparia and Cáceres: revealing representations of Peru’s late nineteenth-century “National Problem”, HAHR 77 (1997), 409-441 [see also Bill Stein’s comment in HAHR 78 (1998), 307-315]
B. Albert, An Essay on the Peruvian Sugar Industry, 1880-1920
M.J. Gonzales, Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875-1933
M.J. Gonzales, ‘Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the Nineteenth Cnetury’, JLAS 21 (1989), 385-424
V. Peloso, Peasants on Plantations: subaltern strategies of labor and resistance in the Pisco valley, Peru
E.L. Grieshaber, ‘Hacienda-Indian Community Relations and Indian Acculturation: an historiographical essay’, LARR 14:3 (1979), 107-128
E.D. Langer, `Andean Rituals of Revolt: the Chayantá rebellion of 1927, Ethnohistory 37 (1990), 227-253
E.D. Langer, Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 1880-1930
S. Rivera Cusicanqui, Oppressed but not Defeated: peasant struggles among the Aymara and Quechwa in Bolivia, 1900-1980
A.K. Clark, ‘Indians, the State, and the Law: public works and the struggle to control labor in liberal Ecuador’, Jnl. Hist. Sociology 7 (1994), 49-72
A. Guerrero, ‘The Construction of a Ventriloquist’s Image: liberal discourse and the “miserable Indian race” in late nineteenth-century Ecuador’, JLAS 29 (1997), 555-590
M. van Aken, ‘The Lingering Death of Indian Tribute in Ecuador’, HAHR 61 (1981), 429-459